What an IP address is and how a domain resolves to one, the difference between IPv4 and IPv6, what reverse DNS (PTR) is and why looking up a site IP is useful.
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What robots.txt is and its directives (User-agent, Disallow, Allow, Sitemap), common mistakes, what sitemap.xml is and why you need it. How to validate them.
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Why speed is a ranking and conversion factor, what TTFB is and the stages of loading, common causes of slow response and practical steps to speed up your site.
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What Title and Description do, how they affect CTR, recommended length, Open Graph for social networks and canonical tags. How to check a page meta tags.
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Status codes (200, 301, 302, 404, 5xx), the difference between 301 and 302, why redirect chains hurt, and the HTTP headers that affect SEO. How to check them.
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What DNS is and the core record types (A, AAAA, MX, NS, TXT, CNAME, SOA), how they affect your site and email (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) and how to check DNS online.
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What SSL/TLS and HTTPS are, what an SSL check shows (issuer, validity, days remaining, SAN domains) and why an expired or self-signed certificate is dangerous.
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What Whois is, what data it shows (registrar, creation and expiry dates, status, name servers), how to run a lookup online and why domain age matters for trust.
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